Shuga yoyera imapangidwa shuga kuchokera ku zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zimapezeka mu shuga kapena nzimbe. Dzina latsamba la shuga woyera yemwe amadziwika kuti ogula monga 'tebulo la shuga', ndi ICUMSA 45. Dzinalo ICUMSA 45 latengedwa kuchokera mthupi lomwe limayang'anira njira zoyesera shuga, zomwe zimadziwika kuti International Commission For Unform Njira za shuga Analysis . Kuyesa kwa ICUMSA kumalola ogulitsa ndi ogula kuti adziwe molondola momwe mtundu wa shuga umapangidwira, komanso umapereka njira yolondola yochitira malonda a shuga padziko lonse lapansi. M'mayiko ambiri Akumadzulo ndi otukuka, shuga yekha woyengedwa wovomerezedwa kuti azigulitsidwa kwa anthu onse ndi ICUMSA 45 shuga. Mitundu ina ya shuga yoyera ikuphatikiza ICUMSA 100 ndi ICUMSA 150, shuga woyera wopanda mafuta yemwe alibe mawonekedwe omveka bwino a ICUMSA 45, koma komabe ndiotetezedwa kuti adye anthu.
Miyezo ya Shuga & Mafotokozedwe:
ICUMSA - Commission Yapadziko Lonse Yanjira Zofananira Zosanthula Shuga
ICUMSA 45 - Shuga Woyera Wosalala. Amatchedwanso "London White" *
ICUMSA 150 (izi zikuphatikiza ICUMSA 100 mpaka ICUMSA 150). Amatchedwanso Crystal Sugar.
VHP kapena ICUMSA 600 - 1500 Izi zimatchedwanso "Shuga Wakuda
ZOTSATIRA NDI NTCHITO:
ICUMSA ndi bungwe lapadziko lonse lapansi lomwe limabweretsa zochitika za National Committees for Sugar Analysis m'maiko opitilira makumi atatu. Ntchito imachitika pamitu ingapo, yonse yomwe mutu wake ndi Referee.
Njira zimalimbikitsidwa kuti ICUMSA ivomereze koyamba. Pokwaniritsa zofunikira zonse za Commission, njira zimapatsidwa mwayi wovomerezeka. Njira zomwe zikuwoneka zothandiza ndipo zapeza ntchito yovomerezeka, kapena zomwe sizingathandize kuyesedwa mogwirizana zimapatsidwa mwayi wovomerezeka ”
Mulingo wa ICUMSA ndi gawo lapadziko lonse lapansi lofotokozera kuyera kwa shuga mumayankho, ndipo limalumikizana mwachindunji ndi mtundu wa shuga. Dziwani kuti pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana yama ICUMSA. Kwa shuga waku Brazil, m'munsi ICUMSA imawonetsa shuga.
Komabe, izi sizili choncho ku EU pazifukwa zosadziwika, zomwe zakhala zikukambirana zambiri. SGS yaku Sao Paulo yatulutsa zofotokozera zamanambala a ICUMSA pazogulitsa za EU zomwe zimatsutsana ndi zomwe aku Brazil adalemba; Mwachitsanzo, ku Brazil SGS ili ndi ICUMSA rating of 45 rbu for refined, posonyeza mtundu wapamwamba kwambiri, ndi mitundu ina yotsika kwambiri (monga Special Extra Crystal) yokhala ndi ICUMSA yokwera ya 150 ndi zina zotero.
Njira yotsimikizirayi imatsimikiziridwa ndi Institute of Sugar and Alcohol ku Brazil.
TU imadalira kwambiri "malo a phulusa", omwe amatanthauzidwa kuti "Conductivity phulusa,%, akuwonetsedwa m'malo atatu am'madera" (Briteni Corp Corp, Central Laboratory, ICUMSA Likulu). Zowonjezeranso kulemera kwa TU ndi "Reflective Grade Colour" ndi "Solution Colour" kapena "Filtered Colour" monga akutchulidwira, zomwe zili ndi njira zothetsera kusokoneza kofanana ndi "Ash Points". Chifukwa chake, monga mukuwonera, izi sizikumveka mosavuta ndi novice.
Shuga Wofiira
Shuga wowawasa ndi chinthu chomwe amapangira shuga woyengedwa. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito m'malo ena padziko lapansi ngati chakudya chokha. Zambiri zomwe zimatumiza shuga padziko lonse lapansi zimapangidwa ndi shuga wosaphika, wogulitsa kunja wodziwika kwambiri ku Brazil, yemwe amatumiza kunja VHP shuga wambiri mopitilira muyeso, nthawi zambiri kupitirira matani miliyoni miliyoni, chaka chilichonse.
VHP Msuzi Wamphongo
VHP shuga wosaphika umasinthidwa kuposa shuga wamba wabuluu. Mofanana ndi shuga wabwinobwino wamba, madzi osakaniza a shuga amawiritsa ndipo amaloledwa kuwonekera, koma amatumizidwa m'chipinda cha centrifugal, chomwe chimachotsa madziwo, kapena molasses, ndikusiya masamba amtundu wa shuga wofiirira kumbuyo.
Makandulo amtundu wa shuga amakhala ndi kuipitsidwa kocheperako kuposa shuga wabwinobwino wamba, ndipo shuga yemwe amapangidwa ndi njirayi amakhala ndi zotsekemera zabwino kwambiri. VHP shuga amatanthauzidwa kuti ndi shuga wokhala ndi sucrose wokwanira 99.4% kapena kupitilira apo.
Shuga wa VHP adapangidwa mu 1993 ndi asayansi aku shuga aku Brazil, ndipo tsopano ndiogulitsa wobiriwira wodziwika kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Izi ndichifukwa choti ogula amapeza shuga wambiri potumiza akagula VHP, chifukwa chakuti ali ndi zotsekemera zotsekemera kwambiri. Zimakhalanso zosavuta komanso zofulumira kuyenga kuposa shuga zina, ndipo kuchuluka kwa ICUMSA 45 shuga woyera wonyezimira wopangidwa kuchokera ku VHP shuga wosaphika pachifukwa ichi.
Shuga waku Brazil mwina ndi mtundu wodziwika bwino kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Monga wogulitsa kunja kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, Brazil imapanga matani pafupifupi XNUMX miliyoni a shuga chaka chilichonse, ndipo amagulitsa magawo awiri mwa atatu amtunduwu kumayiko osiyanasiyana.
Shuga waku Brazil amalimidwa zigawo ziwiri zikuluzikulu ku Brazil, zokulirapo ndi dera la Sao Paulo. Ili pakatikati chakumwera kwa dzikolo, imadziwika chifukwa cha zigwa zake zachonde, zambiri zomwe zasandulika nzimbe mzaka zapitazi chifukwa shuga wakhala mbewu yabwino kwambiri, komanso chidwi cha shuga ethanol ngati mawonekedwe a mafuta ena nawonso akula.
Dera lina lokula kwambiri likupezeka kumpoto kwa Pernambuco ndi Algolas. Ngakhale kuti madera amenewa ndi achonde kwambiri ndipo amakhala ndi malo olimba omwe sali oyeneranso kulima nzimbe, ndiye nyumba yakale yopanga shuga ku Brazil. Awa ndi zigawo zikuluzikulu zokulitsa, chifukwa dera la Sao Paulo posachedwa lidula zilolezo za mphero zatsopano zaulamuliro m'derali chifukwa cha zovuta zachilengedwe, kusiya kukhala opanga kuti adzafune madera ena omwe angakonze mphero zawo.
Kufuna kwa shuga kwapadziko lonse kukukulirakulira pazaka zapitazi, ndikuwonjezeka kwa anthu komanso kutchuka kwa zakudya zakumadzulo zomwe zikuwonjezera kukula uku. Kupanga kwachulukanso m'maiko ambiri, ndipo India makamaka tsopano ndi mpikisano wolimba ku Brazil pamitengo yopanga, ngakhale kutumizako kunja kuli kotsika kwambiri kuposa ku Brazil.
Ambiri mwa omwe amagulitsa shuga ku Brazil ali ngati VHP shuga wosaphika, shuga wosaphika womwe wakonzedwa kuti uwonjezere polarity.
VHP yaiwisi shuga imakhala ndi 99.4% ya sucrose, ndi mtundu wonyezimira, ndipo imafunidwa kwambiri ndi zoyeretsera padziko lonse lapansi. VHP yaiwisi ya shuga ndiyomwe idapangidwa ku Brazil, yomwe idapangidwa mu 1993 ngati yankho ku kusowa kwa magwiridwe antchito a shuga wambiri wambiri padziko lonse lapansi kuti ataye gawo lalikulu pakuwunikako chifukwa chakuti ambiri anali zopangidwa ndi zakumwa ndi zonyansa.
Zowotchera mafuta posakhalitsa zidapeza phindu logwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osakaniza kwambiri a sucrose m'malo mwa shuga wabwinobwino wachikhalidwe, ndipo makampani opanga shuga ku Brazil adayamba mphamvu pambuyo poti adapangidwa.
VHP yaiwisi shuga imakhala ndi 99.4% ya sucrose, ndi mtundu wonyezimira, ndipo imafunidwa kwambiri ndi zoyeretsera padziko lonse lapansi. VHP yaiwisi ya shuga ndiyomwe idapangidwa ku Brazil, yomwe idapangidwa mu 1993 ngati yankho ku kusowa kwa magwiridwe antchito a shuga wambiri wambiri padziko lonse lapansi kuti ataye gawo lalikulu pakuwunikako chifukwa chakuti ambiri anali zopangidwa ndi zakumwa ndi zonyansa.
Zowotchera mafuta posakhalitsa zidapeza phindu logwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osakaniza kwambiri a sucrose m'malo mwa shuga wabwinobwino wachikhalidwe, ndipo makampani opanga shuga ku Brazil adayamba mphamvu pambuyo poti adapangidwa.
Chisamaliro chofananacho chaperekedwa ku zochitika zathupi zogwirizana ndi mphero ya nzimbe ndi kuyeretsa shuga. Makina ambiri opangira shuga ku Brazil ali ndi magulu ogwira ntchito bwino omwe ntchito yawo ndikuwongolera ndikuwongolera njira zonse zomwe zili mumunda. Kubwezeretsanso chinthu ndichinthu chofunikira kwambiri, ndipo nzimbe za nzimbe nthawi zambiri zimawotchedwa kuti zipatse malowo mphamvu. Mphero za ku Brazil ndizothandiza kwambiri kotero kuti nthawi zambiri amatha kugulitsa mphamvu pa gridi yadziko chifukwa kuwotcha kwa bagasse (dzina lomwe limaperekedwa kumizere yolimba ya nzimbe yotayidwa ataphwanyidwa) kumapereka mphamvu zoposa zokwanira kupangira chomera.
Chifukwa chiyani White Sugar?
Chiyambireni njira zopangira shuga zothandiza kukonza, shuga oyera akhala amakonda kwambiri ogula komanso mabungwe olamulira. Chifukwa chachikulu, komanso chothandiza kwambiri pa ichi ndichakuti shuga woyengedwa bwino ndiye mtundu wabwino kwambiri wa shuga kwa ogula malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso kuchuluka kwa mabakiteriya, okhala ndi magawo otsika kwambiri a onse. Utoto woyera suchokera ku zowonjezera kapena zowonjezera, koma m'malo mwa njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa zakumwa zakumwa zaiwisi, zomwe ndi mtundu wakuda kwambiri, ndipo zimakhala ndi zinthu zosafunikira zambiri, kuphatikizapo kuchuluka kwa mabakiteriya omwe angayambitse matenda akulu anthu.
Kodi shuga Woyera Amapangidwa Motani?
S shuga yoyera imayeretsedwa kuchokera ku shuga yaiwisi, yomwe nthawi zambiri imachotsedwa mu madzi a nzimbe. Nyemba zonse za nzimbe ndi nzimbe ndi magwero achilengedwe a shuga, komabe nzimbe zimalimidwa kwambiri, chifukwa chake ambiri a shuga padziko lapansi amachokera ku magwero amenewa.
Mafuta oyeretsedwa ndiye woyenera bwino, ndipo pali kusiyana pang'ono pakati pa shuga yemwe amachokera mumzimbe ndi shuga wotengedwa kuchokera ku shuga. Kupenda mosamala kwamankhwala okha komwe kumatha kudziwa ngati sampuli ya shuga idapangidwa kuchokera ku shuga kapena nzimbe, kotero kuyankhula kulibe kusiyana pakati pazomwe zimapezekazo.
Sipu yaiwisi nthawi zambiri imatengedwera kupita kumalo ochapira, omwe mwina amakhala kudziko lina ndi mphero momwe idapangidwira. Mphero zina ndizakonzanso, ndipo mawonekedwe ena amasiyana dziko ndi dziko, komanso malo okhalamo. Shuga waiwisi akadzafika poyeretsa, amatha kukhala m'mitundu iwiri. Zinthu zambiri za shuga zaiwisi tsopano ndi shuga zaiwisi za VHP, zosaphika shuga zosaphika pomwe sizikukonzedwa moyenera, zili ndi zinthu zambiri komanso zodetsa kwambiri kuposa shuga yaiwisi yaiwisi. Nthawi zambiri imakhala mtundu wa bulauni, ndipo imatha kuyengedwa mu gawo limodzi pogwiritsa ntchito njira yotchedwa 'carbonization'.
Kupha mkaka kumaphatikizapo kusungunula shuga kukhala njira yadzimadzi kenako ndikuwonjezera mkaka wa laimu. Mkaka wa laimu umayenda kudzera munjirayi, ndikupanga calcium carbonate momwe zimayendera. Monga calcium carbonate mitundu imakopa mitundu ndi zodetsa vutoli, ndipo imazitseka pomwe zimagwera pansi pa chipinda cha carbonization. Pakutha kwa ntchito ya carbonization, zonse zomwe zatsalira mu njira ya shuga ndi madzi ndi sucrose. Njira iyi imawiritsa kuti ichotse madzi owonjezera, ndipo sucrose imayikidwa.
Ngati mafutawa akugwira ntchito ndi shuga waiwisi, pali njira inanso yomwe isanachitike. Amatchedwa 'ubale', njirayi imaphatikizira shuga wosaphika wosakanizidwa ndi manyuchi apamwamba kuti apange kusakaniza komwe kumatchedwa magma. Magma awa amatumizidwa m'chipinda cha centrifugal, chipinda chomwe chimathamanga kwambiri. Momwe magma amapota, amadzipatula kukhala madzi amchere ndi olimba. Zigawo zolimba ndimakristali a sucrose, ndipo zamadzimadzi zimapangidwa ndi china chilichonse mumagma. Ma kristalo a sucrose amakhalabe ndi mulingo woyipitsidwa, komanso ndi mtundu wa bulauni, koma zochuluka za chisokonezo chofiirira chomwe chimadziwika kuti shuga yaiwisi chimasiyidwa mu madzi omwe amachotsedwa panthawi yophatikizana, ndipo imadziwika kuti molass.
Ma kristalo a sucrose amasonkhanitsidwa pambuyo pakuphatikizana kenako amatumizidwa ku gawo lotsatira la kukonza, kukonzanso.
Chodabwitsa ndichakuti, iwo omwe amasankha kugwiritsa ntchito shuga 'wofiirira' m'malo mwa shuga woyera amadya zowonjezera zowonjezera, chifukwa shuga wambiri wofiirira ndimashuga oyera oyera owoneka ngati kristalo. Shuga wofiirira sayenera kusokonezedwa ndi shuga wosaphika wambiri, womwe ndi bulauni, koma womwe nthawi zambiri umakhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyana siyana, kuyambira kokhwima mpaka kufinya, ndipo umakhala ndi kununkhira kwapadera komwe kumachitika chifukwa cham'madzi omwe adakali gawo la shuga . Shuga wobiriwira wambiri amakhala ndi zowonjezera zowonjezera monga potaziyamu, calcium, magnesium ndi chitsulo, koma amayeneranso kuyeretsedwa m'njira zina kuti ziwapatse chitetezo chokwanira.
Pop
Kuwonetsera Umboni Wogulitsa. Ripoti Lapadera pa Umboni Wogulitsa Zamalonda. Cholinga cha lipotili ndi losavuta, komanso lalifupi.
Kuti mudzizolowere, ndi malingaliro ena ovuta omwe adzawunikire nkhani ya "umboni wazogulitsa", ndikuyika pansi - zabwino.
Nthawi zambiri zopempha zofananazi ziziwoneka, mwachitsanzo wogula angafune "kutsimikizika pop kuchokera kumabanki ogulitsa kuti utsimikizire " kapena “Ichi ndichifukwa chake wogula amasamala .. Akufunsa POP ndi satifiketi yoyambira yomwe idaloleza kugulitsa mbali yathu.”Kapena zosiyananso.
Kodi zonsezi zikutanthauza chiyani kwa inu? Kugwira 22. Kumbali yomwe wogula amafotokoza zomwe akuti ndi zopempha zomveka - "tikufuna chitsimikizo, sitikufuna kuthana ndi zowononga nthawi, tikudziwa bwanji kuti zomwe mukugulitsa ndi zenizeni? Koma kumbali inayo, zomwe wogula wawo akufunsa ndichidziwitso chomwe ndipo nthawi zambiri chitha kutsogolera.
Izi sizoyenera kutsutsa wothandizirayo mwachindunji pofuna kuyesa kupewa, koma wogula ake angafune kutsimikiziridwa kuti sakugwira nawo nthabwala - pali zovuta munjira za FTN zomwe zimayankha izi - kapena akufuna kupewetsa wogulitsa kwathunthu ndi kugula kuchokera wogulitsa, omwe mwachiwonekere sangaloledwe kuchitika.
Mwachidule: Wogula adalandilidwa mwaulemu kuti gulu lathu lili ndi njira zathuzomwe zimatchedwa "Umboni Wogulitsa", njirazi zimalola mphunzitsi wathu (pano FTN Kutumiza) kuwonetsa zomwe zimatchedwa PPI: Policy Umboni wa (Zogulitsa) Chidwi. PPI ndi nthawi yakale ya inshuwaransi yapamadzi, Policy Umboni wachidwi umayambitsa chidwi chosagwirizana ndi inshuwaransi, kuno katundu, komwe chidwi chenicheni cha chipani sichimadziwika.
The Policy iyoyokha imakhala yolemba umboni a phwando chidwi m'zinthu zomwe zili inshuwaransi, kwenikweni.
Chipani chitha kukhala ndi zenizeni, zenizeni, koma zovuta kufotokoza chidwi cha katundu - mwachitsanzo chipanicho sichingakhale cholamula cha katunduyo koma chitha kukhala ndi chitsimikizo chogula katunduyo kapena katunduyo atumizidwa iye kuti akhale mgwirizanenso pansi pamzere.
Izi ndi zokonda zenizeni ndipo ngati katundu awonongedwa maphwando amalandila katundu pazinthu zomwe amakonda. Momwemo, ndondomeko ya PPI idateteza zokhumba za chipani pazinthu zomwe zimasungidwa inshuwaransi pang'onopang'ono chifukwa chotsimikizika pazokonda zawo.
Mulimonsemo, panoogula akufuna kutsimikizira koyenera kwa wogulitsa mwalamulo ndikugulitsanso malonda ake. Zowunikirazi zingaphatikizepo nkhani monga manambala agawidwe, komanso chidziwitso chokhudzana ndi chomera, ogwira ntchito kukonza.
Umboni uwu suli “POP” mwachitsanzo Umboni Wogulitsa - POP ndi mawu achinyengo komanso osamveka bwino pakugwiritsa ntchito komanso tanthauzo. Maganizo olakwika omwe alipo:
- Zabodza: Mabanki angapereke Umboni Wogulitsa.
Chabwino ayi, sangathe. Banks amachita zandalama, osachita nawo mgwirizano kapena mokakamiza mokakamira. Izi zikufotokozedwa momveka bwino m'malamulo angapo apadziko lonse lapansi.
Nthawi zambiri obera amapempha, kapena perekani "POP ku bank" mwanjira zina kutumiza zolemba za POP ku banki ya wogula, kapena banki yawo ikulangize za POP zikalata.
Psychology yomwe ikuyenda motere, ndimaganizo oti Banks ali ndi boma, ngakhale silifotokozedwapo, sangathe kupereka vet ndi kufufuza zamgwirizano, kapena kupereka chinsinsi, monga otumiza, ndi zina zotero.
M'mafilimu a James Bond okha. Osati m'moyo weniweni.
- Zabodza: Umboni wa Zogulitsa Zilipo.
Chabwino ayi, kunena kwake, sichoncho. Nthawi zambiri anthu samadziwa zochepa zomwe akambirana pankhani zoterezi. Mutha kuwona mawu oti "pang'ono POP”Tuluka apa ndi apo, mu banki ya apakati osokoneza. Onani nkhaniyo moyenera, kodi zingatheke bwanji kuti umboni wotsimikizira kuti malonda ake anali ochepa?
Kuphatikiza apo, ndimalemba ati omwe amakhazikitsa "pang'ono POP" ndi zikalata ziti zomwe zimakhazikitsa "POP" yonse? Mkhalapakati wina adatifikira ndi zinthu zomwe amafuna kutigulitsa, kutipatsa "POP POP" - akutanthauza chiyani kwenikweni ndi POP yofewa? Kodi POP ingakhale bwanji yofewa kapena yolimba, Umboni wa zopangidwa, umodzi wongoganiza, ndiye umboni wa zopangidwa - lingaliro la umboni wotere kukhala wofewa kapena wolimba sufika pa chithunzichi. Chomwe chimadabwitsa, mbiri yakale yogwiritsa ntchito mawu ngati "Soft POP"
Ngati Soda Pop ipangidwa ndi madzi olimba, ndiye kuti munthu akhoza kutsimikiza kuti siofiyamu,
Coca Cola sangakhalepo Mtundu Wofewa chifukwa cha phosphoric acid, makamaka - mu ma dickens anthu amalankhula za chiyani?
Kodi akudziwa, kapena kodi mawuwo amangothamangitsidwa?
Mawu ngati "POP pang'ono kapena POP Yokwanira"Amapangidwa ndi mawu, popanda ndalama zilizonse zenizeni padziko lapansi zogulitsa zogulitsa zathupi.
Pazifukwa zomveka bwino, mungamupatse bwanji wina "umboni wochepa wazogulitsa?"
Bizinesi iyi ndiyokhudza zikalata ndi njira, zosavuta komanso zosavuta.
Zolemba zotere ziyenera kukhala zopangidwa bwino komanso zopangidwa momveka bwino komanso mochirikiza. Tanthauziro mmenemo ziyenera kukhala zomveka bwino komanso zomveka bwino, ndipo mwina zimafalitsidwa ndi miyambo yokhazikitsidwa ndi lamulo ladziko lonse.
Monga njira zomwe opangira ena amafotokozera:POP: Iyenera kukhala ndi ma risiti a zinthu. Wogula sangatulutse chida chachuma asanatsimikizire risiti la zinthu. Malipiro a
MT103 / 23 motsutsana ndi ma risiti a zinthu."
Chitsanzo china cholakwika: "Ogulitsa Banker amatsimikizira mgwirizano ndikutumiza POP kudzera SWIFT yokhala ndi Udindo Wathunthu Wakubanki, Wogula amayankha ndi DLC. " (tikuganiza) pali zovuta, kodi mdziko lapansi likutanthauza kuti "ndi Udindo Wathunthu wa Bank" amatanthauza chiyani? Banks sinakhalepo, omwe adakhalapo chifukwa chazinthu zomwe zimapangidwira kapena makasitomala odzipereka. Aliyense amene anena zabodza samawadziwa. Banks amachita nawo zachuma ndi zikalata zachuma, nthawi.
Za kulipira mwa MT - SWIFT MT code ndi ogwiritsa ntchito mosawonekera.
Palibe amene amatanthauza kulipira ndi MT nambala, pokhapokha atakhala mabanki, atakhala mozungulira m'chipinda cha Telex. Nambala za SWIFT MT ndi zamabanki osati amalonda. Anthu okhawo mdziko lapansi omwe akuyenda mozungulira akaponya zolemba za MT ngati kuti zosinthana zikumveka zochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi akatswiri oyimira pakati ndi obera.
Koposa pamilandu, kodi ma risiti amakhazikitsa chiyani? Kupatula kuperekapo pomwepo wamkulu wamkulu yemwe sanatchulidwepo popanda wopikisana naye mosavomerezeka mbali ya wogula?
Aliyense wopusa okwanira kuti achite izi ayenera kuumirira mtundu wina wa Magwiridwe
Chitsimikizo (PB) kuchokera kwa ogula akuwonetsetsa kuti ngati zolembedwazo zikutsimikizira kuti wogula ali ndi masiku angapo oti akhomeretse malipiro kuti atayike chitsimikiziro cha Performance.
Palibe chilichonse cha "rocket science" chomwe chikuyimira chithunzithunzi chofunikira kwambiri cha malonda apabungwe ndi mabungwe.
Muli ndi chisankho - ufulu wogulitsa, kapena osagulitsa konse.
Mu zenizeni mulibe zolemba zonse kapena zosakwanira, zolimba kapena zofewa, za POP mu malonda. Mu zenizeni palibe njira yoperekera Umboni Wogulitsa chifukwa cha mtundu wamalonda.
